ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to identify and describe the morphological aspects of the pyrene and the different stages of developing embryos of Ilex paraguariensis. The pyrenes were collected in the year 2016 and 2017, of ripe fruits. The pyrenes, a total of 400 per site and year of collection, remained for 24 h immersed in water for the section and internal observation. The pyrenes, with the visualized embryo, were used for the anatomical description and fixed for the histological evaluation. They were fixed in paraformaldehyde solution and included in Leica™ historesin. The samples were sectioned in Leica microtome with a thickness of 7 μm, and the sections were stained with Toluidine Blue. The pyrenes are formed by endocarp, integument, endosperm, and embryo. The embryos were classified in the globular, heart (occupying approximately 10% of the length of the seed), post heart (15% of length), torpedo (20% of length), and mature (40% of length) stages; and were located below the micropyle, aligned to the external point. The region surrounding the embryo, called the cavity, consists of a lignified layer.

Resumo Pirênios de Ilex parguariensis, popularmente conhecida como erva-mate, foram classificados como dormentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as causas da dormência dos pirênios de Ilex paraguariensis. Para isso, foram realizados os seguintes testes: a) Dormência física: taxa de absorção em água e em azul de metileno; detecção de lignina e compostos lipofílicos no endocarpo e tegumento; b) Dormência fisiológica: bioensaios em sementes de alface, detecção e quantificação de compostos fenólicos; c) Dormência morfológica: análise embrionária. Para a taxa de absorção, observou-se um aumento na massa dos pirênios, porém, quando a embebição foi realizada em azul de metileno, a absorção ocorreu apenas no endocarpo. A lignina também foi observada na forma de uma camada de esclerênquima próxima ao tegumento da semente. Semelhantemente compostos lipofílicos foram observados em uma camada externa ao endosperma. Os bioensaios com sementes de alface indicaram a presença de inibidores químicos. Na avaliação morfológica dos pirênios, apenas 55,5% dos embriões foram visualizados e estavam nos estágios globular ou coração. Pirênios de Ilex paraguariensis possuem dormência combinada: física (não há absorção de água), morfológica (devido ao subdesenvolvimento do embrião) e há evidências de dormência fisiológica (presença de inibidores); Contudo, recomenda-se investigar os agentes inibidores.

Abstract Ilex parguariensis pyrenes, popularly known as “yerba mate”, were classified as dormant. This study aim to investigated the causes of dormancy in Ilex paraguariensis’ pyrenes. Hence, the following tests were performed: a) Physical dormancy: rate of absorption in water and methylene blue; detection of lignin and lipophilic compounds in the endocarp and integument; b) Physiological dormancy: bioassays in lettuce seeds, detection, and quantification of phenolic compounds; c) Morphological dormancy: embryo analysis. For the absorption rate, an increase was observed in the mass of the pyrenes, however, when imbibition was performed in methylene blue, absorption only occurred in the endocarp. Lignin was also observed in the form of a sclerenchyma layer next to the seed coat. Similarly, lipophilic compounds were observed in a layer, external to the endosperm. The bioassays with lettuce seeds indicated the presence of chemical inhibitors. In the morphological evaluation of the pyrenes, only 55.5% of the embryos were visualized and they were in the globular or heart stages. Ilex paraguariensis pyrenes have combined dormancy: physical (not water absorption), morphological (due to the underdeveloped embryo), and there are shreds of evidence about physiological dormancy (presence of inhibitors); however, it is recommended to investigate the inhibitory agent.

Abstract Gymnanthes klotzschiana is a tree native to the Atlantic Forest Biome. The objective of this study was to analyze the synchronization of five phenophases and their correlation with environmental factors during two years of survey in two distinct areas (Area 1: Mixed Alluvial Ombrophilous Forest; Area 2: Montane Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest). Ten individuals were randomly selected in each area, with the following variables being studied: leaf fall and budding, flowering, and immature and ripe fruit production. The activity index and the intensity index were determined for each phenological event. Timing and interactions with environmental factors were tested using Spearman’s correlation. The photoperiod correlated with all phenophases and precipitation did not correlate with any. There was synchronization in the foliar fall and foliage in the two areas. The species can be characterized as semi-deciduous. Flowering and fruiting were annual, with the highest intensity of fruit production occurring in Area 1.

Luehea divaricata (Malvaceae) é utilizada para o tratamento de várias condições patológicas, entretanto, há poucos relatos sobre sua bioatividade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anti-inflamatório e analgésico, bem como a atividade de macrófagos em camundongos tratados com extrato bruto hidroalcoólico (CLD) da planta. Cromatografia em camada delgada revelou a presença de epicatequina, estigmasterol, lupeol e α,β-amirina no material. Para avaliar a atividade anti-inflamatória e analgésica, animais foram submetidos a teste de edema de pata induzido por carragenana, teste de contorções, da formalina e da capsaicina. A atividade imunomodulatória foi avaliada pela capacidade de adesão e de fagocitose dos macrófagos, volume lisossômico e produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), após tratamento diário com CLD por 15 dias. CLD promoveu redução do edema de pata (36,8% e 50,2%; 100 e 300 mg/kg, respectivamente; p<0,05), redução do número de contorções (64,4%; 300 mg/kg; p<0,05), redução da reatividade no teste da formalina (81,2% e 91,6%; 100 e 300 mg/kg, respectivamente; p<0,05), e no teste da capsaicina em 63,9% (300 mg/kg). CLD (200 mg• kg-1• day-1)aumentou capacidade de fagocitose dos macrófagos (~3 vezes, p<0,05), volume lisossômico (~50%, p<0,001) e produção de ROS (~90%, p<0,001). Estes dados sugerem que o CLD possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias, analgésicas e imunoestimulatórias.

Luehea divaricata (Malvaceae) is a plant widely used for treatment of various inflammatory and infectious conditions; however few reports discuss its biological properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as well as the macrophage activity in mice treated with the hydroalcoholic crude extract of L. divaricata(CLD). Thin layer chromatography revealed presence of epicathequin, stigmasterol, lupeol and α,β-amyrin in the extract. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, animals were subjected to paw edema induced by carrageenan test, writhing, formalin and capsaicin tests. Immunomodulatory activity was evaluated by adhesion and phagocytic capacity, lysosomal volume, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by peritoneal macrophages, after daily treatment with CLD for 15 days. CLD promoted reduction in paw edema (36.8% and 50.2%; p<0.05 at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively), inhibited writhing behavior at the higher dose (64.4%, p<0.05), reduced formalin reactivity (81.2% and 91.6% at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively, p<0.05), and reduced capsaicin reactivity by 63.9% (300 mg/kg). CLD (200 mg• kg-1• day-1) increased phagocytosis capacity of macrophages (~3 fold, p<0.05), neutral red uptake (~50%, p<0.001), and ROS production (~90%, p<0.001). These data suggest that CLD possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunostimulatory properties.

The morphology and anatomy of stem segments of 2 species of Lepismium (Cactaceae), which grow naturally in the Araucaria forest understory, in the state of Paraná, Brazil, are compared. The goal of this study was to identify morphological traits adapted to epiphytism and to the low light condition of the studied environment. Twenty-five segments of Lepismium cruciforme and L. lumbricoides were collected and various morphological and anatomical features were measured. Differences (p < 0.05) were found between the species in mean values for total volume, total photosynthetic area, epidermis and hypodermis thickness, sclerenchyma area/total transversal area proportion of the stem segments and parenchyma area/total transversal area proportion, which can be correlated to their differences in shape. The xeric features found in Lepismium, most of them typical of drought-adapted cacti, have allowed the development of the epiphytic habit and the occupation of humid forests. As epiphytes, they are subject to some extent to water scarcity, although not to severe conditions such as most terrestrial cacti. Mean values for hypodermis thickness, water content, amount of sclerenchyma and stomatal densities are more similar to mesomorphic plants, and can be correlated to epiphytism, showing that these species have lost some of their adaptations to dry environments.

Se compara la morfología y la anatomía de los segmentos del tallo de 2 especies de Lepismium, que crecen naturalmente en el sotobosque del bosque de Araucaria, en el estado de Paraná. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar rasgos morfológicos de adaptación para el epifitismo y para condiciones de poca luz del ambiente estudiado. Se recolectaron 25 ejemplares de L. cruciforme y de L. lumbricoides y se midieron rasgos tanto morfológicos como anatómicos de los tallos. Se encontraron diferencias (p < 0.05) entre las especies considerando los valores promedio del volumen total, del área total fotosintética, del grosor de la epidermis y de la hipodermis, del área del esclerénquima / área transversal total de los segmentos del tallo y del área del parénquima / área transversal total, caracteres que se correlacionan a sus diferencias en forma. Las características xeromórficas encontradas en Lepismium, la mayor parte de ellas típicas de cactáceas de zonas áridas, han favorecido el desarrollo del hábito epifítico y la ocupación de bosques húmedos. Como epífitas, están sujetas a un cierto grado de escasez de agua, aunque no a las condiciones tan severas como la mayoría de las cactáceas terrestres. Los valores promedio para el grosor de la hipodermis, el contenido de agua, la cantidad de esclerénquima y las densidad estomática son más similares a las plantas mesomórficas, y se pueden correlacionar al epifitismo, demostrando que estas especies perdieron algunas de sus adaptaciones para ambientes secos.